Surface Vessels: Navies utilize various types of surface vessels, including aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, and patrol boats, equipped with advanced sensors, weapons, and communication systems. These vessels can engage in offensive and defensive operations, patrol territorial waters, and safeguard strategic locations.

Submarines: Submarines play a crucial role in maritime defense, offering stealth and surprise capabilities. They can patrol underwater, detect enemy vessels, and launch submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) or anti-ship missiles.

Anti-Ship Missiles: These are long-range missiles designed to target enemy vessels, including ships and large naval platforms. They can be launched from ships, submarines, or aircraft and are equipped with sophisticated targeting systems.

Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Systems: ASW systems are designed to detect, track, and neutralize hostile submarines. They include sonars, depth charges, torpedoes, and anti-submarine helicopters.

Air Defense Systems: To protect naval assets from aerial threats, ships are equipped with air defense systems like surface-to-air missiles, close-in weapon systems (CIWS), and electronic countermeasures (ECM) to counter incoming missiles and aircraft.

Mine Countermeasures: Sea mines pose a significant threat to naval forces and commercial shipping. Mine countermeasures include mine-hunting vessels, mine-sweeping operations, and remote-controlled underwater drones for mine disposal.

Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems: EW systems are used to disrupt and neutralize enemy communications, radar, and electronic sensors, reducing their effectiveness and enhancing the survivability of friendly forces.

Coastal Defense Systems: These systems protect critical coastal installations, ports, and harbors from enemy attacks and incursions. They can include coastal defense missiles, gun emplacements, and radar installations.

Naval Aviation: Aircraft carriers and naval aviation units provide long-range strike capabilities, reconnaissance, and maritime patrol functions, extending the reach and effectiveness of naval forces.

Maritime Surveillance and Intelligence: Advanced sensors, satellites, and surveillance aircraft help monitor maritime activities, detect potential threats, and gather intelligence on enemy movements.

Integrated Command and Control (C2): An effective sea defense system relies on a well-coordinated command and control structure, integrating various assets to facilitate rapid decision-making and response.